PCOS

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a hormonal disorder common among women of reproductive age. Women with PCOS may have infrequent or prolonged menstrual periods or excess male hormone (androgen) levels. The ovaries may develop numerous small collections of fluid (follicles) and fail to regularly release eggs.

The exact cause of PCOS is unknown. Early diagnosis and treatment along with weight loss may reduce the risk of long-term complications such as type 2 diabetes and heart disease.

Symptoms

Signs and symptoms of PCOS often develop around the time of the first menstrual period during puberty. Sometimes PCOS develops later, for example, in response to substantial weight gain.

Signs and symptoms of PCOS vary. A diagnosis of PCOS is made when you experience at least two of these signs:

Irregular periods. Infrequent, irregular or prolonged menstrual cycles are the most common sign of PCOS. For example, you might have fewer than nine periods a year, more than 35 days between periods and abnormally heavy periods.
Excess androgen. Elevated levels of male hormones may result in physical signs, such as excess facial and body hair (hirsutism), and occasionally severe acne and male-pattern baldness.
Polycystic ovaries. Your ovaries might be enlarged and contain follicles that surround the eggs. As a result, the ovaries might fail to function regularly.

PCOS signs and symptoms are typically more severe if you’re obese

When to see a doctor

See your doctor if you have concerns about your menstrual periods, if you’re experiencing infertility or if you have signs of excess androgen such as worsening hirsutism, acne and male-pattern baldness.

Causes

Open surgery involves making a large incision in the shoulder. It allows the surgeon to directly view and access the surgical area. The recovery period is longer.

Mini-open surgery uses more innovative technology and combines minimally invasive arthroscopic techniques with a smaller open procedure. The incision is one to two inches long, which is smaller than in standard open surgery. This technique allows extensive repairs that are not possible with minimally invasive surgery. It also causes less damage than traditional open surgery because your muscles remain attached during surgery.

Your surgeon will advise you regarding which procedure is best for your condition and how long you are required to stay in the hospital, depending on your diagnosis, age, medical history, overall health, and personal preference.

Shoulder Surgery Procedures An orthopedic surgeon performs shoulder surgery. An orthopedic surgeon is a surgeon who specializes in the surgical treatment of diseases and conditions of the bones and connective tissues.

The types of shoulder surgery procedures include:

Arthroplasty to replace or resurface a diseased joint. It involves the removal of arthritic or damaged surfaces of bone and replacing them with artificial material or an implant called a prosthesis. This may include a partial replacement or a total replacement of the shoulder joint. Shoulder arthroplasty is recommended for degenerative diseases of the shoulder.

Arthroscopy is surgery done with the aid of an arthroscope. The arthroscope is a long, thin instrument that contains a small camera. The instrument is inserted into the joint through an incision and the camera transmits pictures from the inside of the joint to a video screen, which is seen by your doctor while performing surgery.

Arthroscopic shoulder surgery is recommended for shoulder dislocations, shoulder tendonitis, certain rotator cuff problems, soft tissue (muscle) repairs, frozen shoulder, and the repair of torn cartilage or ligaments.

The types of shoulder surgery procedures include:

Rotator cuff repair It is done to treat a torn tendon in the shoulder joint by reattaching a torn rotator cuff.

Soft tissue repair Iis done to treat damaged shoulder muscles.

Other procedures include:

Bone fracture or dislocation repair. In case of severe injuries, surgical repair may be required.

Bursectomy or bursa sac repair to treat a damaged bursa sac. The bursa sac provides cushioning to the joint.

You can reduce the risk of certain complications by sticking to your treatment plan and the following tips.